The botanical information at this website was compiled from the following sources.


Abbott, Isabella Aiona, La'au Hawai'i, Traditional Hawaiian uses of Plants ,1992, Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, Hawaii, ISBN 0-930897-62-5. Click here to buy this book today!

Carlquist, Sherwin, Hawaii, A Natural History, 1980, Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Kauai, Hawaii, ISBN 0-915809-19-2 Click here to buy this book today!

Chevalier, Andrew, The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants, 1996, DK Publishing, New York, New York, ISBN 0-7894-0672 Click here to buy this book today!







Cooke, Mordecai C., The Seven Sisters of Sleep, 1989, Quarterman Publications, Inc., Lincoln, Massachusetts, ISBN 0-88000-146-1

Forbes, David H., Encounters With Paradise : Views of Hawaii and Its People, 1778-1941 Honolulu Academy of Arts Click here to buy this book today!

Hoffer and Osmond, The Hallucinogens, 1967, Academic Press, New York, New York

Lebot, Vincent, Cabalion, Pierre, Kavas of Vanuatu, Cultivars of Piper Methystecium Forst., Technical Paper No. 195, 1988, South Pacific Commission, ISBN 982-203-101-7

Lebot, Vincent, and Merlin, Mark Kava : The Pacific Drug 1992, Yale University Press Click here to buy this book today!

Lewin, Louis, Phantastica, Narcotic and Stimulating Drugs, Their Use and Abuse, 1931, E. P. Dutton & Company, New York, Translated from the second German edition by P. H. A. Wirth, Munich Click here to buy this book today!






Stone, Charles P. and Pratt, Linda W., Hawaii Plants and Animals, Biological Sketches of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, 1994, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii, ISBN 0-8248-1689-7 Click here to buy this book today!





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